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- <text id=91TT0398>
- <title>
- Feb. 25, 1991: Big Oil's Bad Rap
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Feb. 25, 1991 Beginning Of The End
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BUSINESS, Page 64
- Big Oil's Bad Rap
- </hdr><body>
- <p>The Middle East war has rekindled consumer hatred of petroleum
- companies. In fact, they get more loathing than loot
- </p>
- <p> Antiwar protesters shouting "No blood for oil!" infuriate
- George Bush. His color rising and lip curling, he retorts in
- speeches and private meetings, "It's not about oil! It's about
- naked aggression!"
- </p>
- <p> Bush, a former oilman, knows well the visceral animosity
- most people feel toward America's major oil companies. A survey
- by the American Petroleum Institute, the industry's trade
- group, finds that 72% of Americans view Big Oil unfavorably.
- A study by Chevron shows that 65% of citizens say they cannot
- believe anything the industry says about the gulf war. Most
- Americans think--incorrectly--that oil is more profitable
- than most businesses, a view that is reinforcing cries in
- Congress for a windfall-profits tax.
- </p>
- <p> The industry's latest offense, in the popular wisdom, is
- apparent in its profits for 1990's fourth quarter, reported by
- the Energy Department last week. Thanks mostly to a brief rise
- in the price of crude to a high of $40, those earnings rose 77%
- above 1989's level. "We are protecting their oil with American
- boys," complains Senator Howard Metzenbaum, the Ohio Democrat
- who introduced a bill earlier this month calling for a surtax
- on the profits of the largest companies. "As quick as Saddam
- raised his sword, the oil companies raised their prices."
- </p>
- <p> Sometimes it's hard to believe Metzenbaum was a businessman
- before becoming a Senator. The quarter's profit increases
- looked so dramatic because the corresponding period in 1989 was
- the industry's worst in a decade. Disregard its Valdez-size
- write-offs of 1989, and the industry's total profits rose only
- 11% in 1990. That still didn't make them especially high. They
- represented just a 13.5% return on the shareholders' equity,
- far lower than in such businesses as cosmetics (30.5%),
- pharmaceuticals (29.5%) and restaurants (19%). "No one is
- accusing the cosmetics industry of making obscene profits," says
- William O'Keefe, vice president of the A.P.I. Oil-company
- returns have averaged 12% since 1985, vs. an average of nearly
- 15% for all other manufacturing.
- </p>
- <p> Most consumers were understandably livid over the way
- gasoline prices leaped after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, peaking
- at an average $1.30 in October for an unleaded gallon.
- Actually, however, the U.S. rise was much less than the rise
- in European nations and Japan, where pump prices more
- accurately reflected the cost of crude. The Energy Department
- last week announced it had found no proof of profiteering by
- the oil industry, while the Hudson Institute concludes that 80%
- of the benefit of the higher prices went to the foreign
- nations that control the commodity.
- </p>
- <p> Since war broke out on Jan. 16, crude prices have dropped
- from $32 per bbl. to $21 per bbl., but oil companies have been
- slow to cut retail gas prices correspondingly. This has fed
- anti-oil acrimony, but the industry argues that it is just
- making up for not hiking prices all the way during last fall's
- crude run-up. Even so, the average price of a gallon of
- unleaded is down to $1.18, only 10 cents higher than the day
- before Iraq invaded Kuwait--and half that difference is from
- a nickel-a-gallon federal tax imposed in December.
- </p>
- <p> The war has been bad news for the major oil companies so
- far. Not only are crude prices down, but many experts foresee
- a further plunge when the war ends. Other countries have more
- than made up for Iraq's and Kuwait's lost production, and the
- U.S. is getting by on less imported oil, thanks in part to a
- warm winter and reduced demand driven by the recession. When
- Iraq and Kuwait start pumping again, the sudden glut could
- force prices down temporarily to $15 per bbl. or less. That
- would wash away the industry's profit gains of last quarter and
- further lower its subpar returns. Warns Unocal chairman Richard
- Stegemeier: "Instability is coming, and the industry doesn't do
- well in turbulent times."
- </p>
- <p> So why do Americans deeply detest Big Oil? After all,
- observes Stegemeier, "No one seems too concerned when orange
- juice goes up after a freeze. Society says everyone should have
- a free market, except the oil industry." Harvard Medical School
- psychologist Steven Berglas, who works with corporations that
- suffer from image problems, concurs. "People resent powerful
- entities that control necessities like oil," he explains. "We
- can actually gain psychological control by hating them." Berglas
- also suspects that some civilians deflect their anti-Iraq
- feelings toward Big Oil, a more accessible target. "You and I
- are not flying F-15s," he says. "But we can really be ticked
- off at the oil companies for supposedly reaping profits off
- misery." And never mind whether it makes sense.
- </p>
- <p>By Richard Behar. With reporting by Thomas McCarroll/New York.
- </p>
- <p>BEFORE AND AFTER THE INVASION
- </p>
- <p>U.S. oil imports in millions of bbl.:
- </p>
- <p>July--275 total
- <table>
- <row><cell type=a>Arab OPEC<cell type=a>Saudi Arabia<cell type=i>42
- <row><cell><cell>Iraq<cell>35
- <row><cell><cell>Other<cell>11
- <row><cell>Non-Arab OPEC<cell><cell>65
- <row><cell>Non-OPEC<cell><cell>122
- </table>
- </p>
- <p>November--209 total
- <table>
- <row><cell type=a>Arab OPEC<cell type=a>Saudi Arabia<cell type=i>47
- <row><cell><cell>Other<cell>6
- <row><cell><cell>Iraq<cell>0
- <row><cell>Non-Arab OPEC<cell><cell>56
- <row><cell>Non-OPEC<cell><cell>100
- </table>
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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